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Abstract With the rise of data volume and computing power, seismological research requires more advanced skills in data processing, numerical methods, and parallel computing. We present the experience of conducting training workshops in various forms of delivery to support the adoption of large-scale high-performance computing (HPC) and cloud computing, advancing seismological research. The seismological foci were on earthquake source parameter estimation in catalogs, forward and adjoint wavefield simulations in 2D and 3D at local, regional, and global scales, earthquake dynamics, ambient noise seismology, and machine learning. This contribution describes the series of workshops delivered as part of research projects, the learning outcomes for participants, and lessons learned by the instructors. Our curriculum was grounded on open and reproducible science, large-scale scientific computing and data mining, and computing infrastructure (access and usage) for HPC and the cloud. We also describe the types of teaching materials that have proven beneficial to the instruction and the sustainability of the program. We propose guidelines to deliver future workshops on these topics. 

Abstract Seamounts are found at many subduction zones and act as seafloor heterogeneities that affect slip behavior on megathrusts. At the Hikurangi subduction zone offshore the North Island, New Zealand, seamounts have been identified on the incoming Pacific plate and below the accretionary prism, but there is little concrete evidence for seamounts subducted beyond the present‐day coastline. Using a high‐resolution, adjoint tomography‐derived velocity model of the North Island, we identify two high‐velocity anomalies below the East Coast and an intraslab low‐velocity zone up‐dip of one of these anomalies. We interpret the high‐velocity anomalies as previously unidentified, deeply subducted seamounts, and the low‐velocity zone as fluid in the subducting slab. The seamounts are inferred to be 10–30 km wide and on the plate interface at 12–15 km depth. Resolution analysis using point spread functions confirms that these are well‐resolved features. The locations of the two seamounts coincide with bathymetric features whose geometries are consistent with those predicted from analog experiments and numerical simulations of seamount subduction. The spatial characteristics of seismicity and slow slip events near the inferred seamounts agree well with previous numerical modeling predictions of the effects of seamount subduction on megathrust stress and slip. Anomalous geophysical signatures, magnetic anomalies, and swarm seismicity have also been observed previously at one or both seamount locations. We propose that permanent fracturing of the northern Hikurangi upper plate by repeated seamount subduction may be responsible for the dichotomous slow slip behavior observed geodetically, and partly responsible for along‐strike variations in plate coupling on the Hikurangi subduction interface. 

Abstract We use earthquake‐based adjoint tomography to invert for three‐dimensional structure of the North Island, New Zealand, and the adjacent Hikurangi subduction zone. The study area, having a shallow depth to the plate interface below the North Island, offers a rare opportunity for imaging material properties at an active subduction zone using land‐based measurements. Starting from an initial model derived using ray tomography, we perform iterative model updates using spectral element and adjoint simulations to fit waveforms with periods ranging from 4–30 s. We perform 28 model updates using an L‐BFGS optimization algorithm, improving data fit and introducingP‐ andS‐wave velocity changes of up to ±30%. Resolution analysis using point spread functions show that our measurements are most sensitive to heterogeneities in the upper 30 km. The most striking velocity changes coincide with areas related to the active Hikurangi subduction zone. Lateral velocity structures in the upper 5 km correlate well with New Zealand geology. The inversion reveals increased along‐strike heterogeneity on the margin. In Cook Strait we observe a low‐velocity zone interpreted as deep sedimentary basins. In the central North Island, low‐velocity anomalies are linked to surface geology, and we relate velocity structures at depth to crustal magmatic activity below the Taupō Volcanic Zone. Our velocity model provides more accurate synthetic seismograms with respect to the initial model, better constrains small (50 km), shallow (15 km) and near‐offshore velocity structures, and improves our understanding of volcanic and tectonic structures related to the active Hikurangi subduction zone.